Biomarkers

The ABO Blood Group System determines an individual's blood type (A, B, AB, or O) based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on red blood cells. This system is crucial for safe blood transfusions, organ transplants, and can influence susceptibility to certain diseases and conditions.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

APTT measures the time it takes for your blood to clot, helping assess bleeding and clotting disorders.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Active B12 is the portion of vitamin B12 that is readily available for your body to use, playing a key role in blood cell formation, nerve function, and DNA synthesis.

Vitamins & Minerals

Active Vitamin D measures how well your body converts vitamin D to its active form, essential for calcium absorption and strong bones.

Vitamins & Minerals

Adjusted calcium (sometimes referred to as corrected calcium) is a modification of the total calcium level in the blood, taking into account the albumin level.

Vitamins & Minerals

ACTH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates cortisol production by the adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in stress response and maintaining metabolic balance.

Hormone

ALT is a liver enzyme indicating liver health, with elevated levels signifying liver cell damage or inflammation.

Liver Health

Albumin is a protein indicating liver and kidney function, fluid balance, and nutritional status.

Liver Health

Aldosterone is a hormone that helps regulate your body's balance of salt and water, which affects blood pressure.

Kidney & Urinary

ALP is an enzyme indicating liver, bile duct, and bone health, with elevated levels suggesting liver or bone disorders.

Liver Health

Bone ALP measures how actively your bones are building and repairing themselves by assessing the level of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in your blood.

Cancer Screening

Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes help identify where in the body elevated ALP levels are coming from, providing insights into liver and bone health.

Liver Health

The liver ALP isoenzyme measures the specific alkaline phosphatase enzyme produced by your liver, providing detailed insights into your liver's health and function.

Liver Health

Aluminium levels indicate how much aluminium is present in the body, helping assess exposure and potential risk of accumulation that could affect health.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

Amylase is an enzyme that helps break down carbohydrates into sugars. It is mainly produced by the pancreas and salivary glands.

Pancreatic Function

Androstenedione is a precursor hormone in the production of testosterone and oestrogen. It plays a vital role in reproductive health for both males and females, with implications for fertility, energy, and general hormonal balance.

Hormone

The anion gap assesses the balance between positively and negatively charged ions in your blood. A higher than normal anion gap may indicate the presence of unusual substances, signaling potential metabolic issues or poisoning.

Kidney & Urinary

DGP IgG is a marker for diagnosing coeliac disease, especially useful in individuals with IgA deficiency, and helps monitor response to a gluten-free diet.

Digestive Health

AMH gives an estimate of your egg reserve and ovarian function, offering key insight into your fertility potential.

Hormone

Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA) are autoantibodies that mistakenly target the body's own cell nuclei and are commonly tested to help diagnose autoimmune disorders such as lupus, Sjögren's syndrome, and scleroderma. A positive ANA test indicates the presence of these antibodies, though it can also occur in healthy individuals and requires further specific testing to determine clinical significance.

Autoimmune

Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA) pattern refers to the specific staining pattern observed when antibodies in the blood react with cell nuclei during laboratory testing. The pattern type (such as homogeneous, speckled, nucleolar, or centromere) helps healthcare providers identify which specific autoantibodies are present and can indicate different autoimmune conditions.

Autoimmune

Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA) titre measures the concentration of autoantibodies that target components within cell nuclei, indicating potential autoimmune activity in the body. The titre represents how much the blood sample can be diluted while still detecting these antibodies, with higher titres suggesting stronger autoimmune responses.

Autoimmune

Anti-Tg antibodies may indicate the immune system is attacking thyroglobulin, a protein vital for thyroid hormone production, and are often linked to autoimmune thyroid conditions.

Thyroid

Anti-TPO antibodies may indicate the immune system is mistakenly attacking the thyroid and are often linked to autoimmune thyroid conditions.

Thyroid

tTg-IgA is a highly specific marker for diagnosing coeliac disease and monitoring its management.

Digestive Health

The ApoB/ApoA1 ratio assesses the balance between "bad" and "good" cholesterol carriers, providing valuable insight into cardiovascular risk.

Cardiovascular

Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is the main protein in HDL particles, which help remove cholesterol from the body and reduce cardiovascular risk.

Cardiovascular

ApoB shows how many "bad" cholesterol particles are in your blood, helping to predict your risk of heart disease.

Cardiovascular

Arsenic is a toxic heavy metal that can be measured in blood, urine, or hair samples to assess exposure from contaminated water, food, or environmental sources. Elevated arsenic levels may indicate acute or chronic poisoning and can help healthcare providers evaluate potential health risks and determine appropriate treatment.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

AST is an enzyme in the liver and other organs that helps process amino acids. High levels in blood tests often indicate liver damage or heart issues.

Liver Health

Basophils are white blood cells involved in allergic reactions and immune responses to parasites.

Immune System

Bicarbonate is an electrolyte that helps maintain the body's pH balance, indicating acid-base status and kidney function.

Kidney & Urinary

Serum bile acids help assess how well your liver is functioning by measuring the amount of bile acids circulating in your blood.

Liver Health

Bilirubin is a yellow pigment from red blood cell breakdown, indicating liver function and hemolysis.

Liver Health

Direct bilirubin is a form of bilirubin that has been processed by the liver, making it water-soluble and ready for excretion. Measuring its levels helps assess liver function and bile flow.

Liver Health

Indirect bilirubin is a substance produced from the breakdown of red blood cells. It provides insight into how well the body manages this process and how effectively the liver processes bilirubin.

Liver Health

Bioavailable testosterone is the portion of testosterone available to enter cells and have biological effects, impacting muscle, bone, sexual health, and mood in both males and females.

Hormone

Biological age is a measure of how well your body is functioning compared to your chronological age. It reflects the cumulative effects of genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors on cellular and physiological health.

Biological Age

C-Peptide measures how much insulin your body is making by checking the levels of this byproduct released when insulin is produced.

Metabolic Health

hs-CRP is like your body’s fire alarm for inflammation, giving an early warning about health risks like heart disease.

Inflammation

CA-125 is a protein found in the blood that is commonly used as a tumor marker, particularly for monitoring ovarian cancer and other gynecological conditions. Elevated levels may indicate the presence of cancer, but can also be raised due to benign conditions such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or liver disease.

Cancer Screening

CA-215 is a tumor marker that is elevated in various cancers, particularly gastrointestinal malignancies such as colorectal and pancreatic cancer. It is used primarily for monitoring treatment response and disease progression rather than initial cancer diagnosis.

Cancer Screening

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can build up in your body from environmental exposure, potentially harming your kidneys, bones, and lungs.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

Caeruloplasmin is a protein that carries copper in your blood and helps your body use iron properly.

Vitamins & Minerals

Calcitonin is a hormone from the thyroid gland that helps keep your blood calcium levels balanced, supporting strong bones and proper nerve and muscle function.

Hormone

Calcium is a crucial mineral for bone health, muscle function, nerve signaling, and blood clotting.

Vitamins & Minerals

Chloride, or chloride ion (Cl-), belongs to a group called electrolytes, which also includes sodium and potassium . Chloride has a number of functions in the human body, and acts in interaction with other electrolytes, among other things, for the body's cells to function normally and in regulating the body's fluid and salt balance. Together with hydrogen, chloride forms the stomach's stomach acid (hydrogen chloride), which is important for digestion and defense against bacteria and other microorganisms. Chloride is found in most foods, mostly in common table salt such as sodium chloride, and the body regulates the levels of chloride in the blood on its own.

Kidney & Urinary

Cholesterol Lipid Subfractions show the types and sizes of cholesterol particles in your blood, offering a clearer picture of your heart disease risk than standard cholesterol tests.

Cardiovascular

The cholesterol ratio compares levels of good (HDL) and bad (LDL) cholesterol in your blood, with a lower ratio indicating better heart health and reduced cardiovascular risk.

Cardiovascular

Chromium is an essential mineral that helps insulin regulate blood sugar levels and supports normal metabolism.

Vitamins & Minerals

Coenzyme Q10 is a vital nutrient that helps your body produce energy and protects cells from damage.

Antioxidant Status

Copper is an essential trace mineral that plays a vital role in various bodily functions, including the formation of red blood cells, maintenance of nerve cells, and immune system support.

Vitamins & Minerals

Coronary Risk from lipid subfractions shows how likely you are to develop heart disease by comparing good and bad cholesterol types in your blood.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

Cortisol is your body’s main stress manager, helping you wake up, wind down, and react to challenges.

Metabolic Health

Cortisol is your body’s main stress manager, helping you wake up, wind down, and react to challenges.

Metabolic Health

CK is an enzyme indicating muscle damage or stress, essential for energy production in muscles.

Cardiovascular

Creatinine is a waste product indicating kidney function and muscle mass, with elevated levels suggesting kidney impairment.

Kidney & Urinary

Cystatin C is a protein used to check how well your kidneys are filtering waste from your blood.

Kidney & Urinary

D-dimer measures the amount of clot breakdown products in your blood, helping detect if there's abnormal clotting activity in your body.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

DNAm PhenoAge provides insight into how fast or slow your body is ageing at a cellular level, helping to predict overall health and longevity.

Biological Age

DHEAS is like your body’s internal youth serum, enhancing vitality and playing a role in building muscle.

Hormone

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a powerful androgen responsible for developing and maintaining male characteristics, with implications for both male and female health, particularly in conditions related to hair, skin, and the prostate.

Hormone

Eosinophils are white blood cells involved in fighting parasitic infections and mediating allergic reactions.

Immune System

ESR measures the rate at which red blood cells settle, indicating the presence of inflammation in the body.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

eGFR estimates kidney filtration efficiency, indicating kidney function and helping diagnose kidney disease.

Kidney & Urinary

Fasting glucose measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast, crucial for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes.

Metabolic Health

Fasting Insulin measures insulin levels after fasting, indicating insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function.

Metabolic Health

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron, reflecting the body's total iron reserves.

Vitamins & Minerals

Fibrinogen helps your blood clot to stop bleeding and can indicate if there's inflammation in your body.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

FSH is a crucial hormone driving reproductive health, spurring egg and sperm production.

Hormone

FAI measures your body's available male hormones, helping to spot imbalances that affect health and mood.

Hormone

Free testosterone is the go-getter of your hormone world, available and ready to boost mood, muscle, and libido.

Hormone

Free T4 is like your body’s idle speed control, keeping your energy levels and metabolism steady.

Hormone

Free T3 is your body's energy gearshift, crucial for metabolism and regulating how you feel, from your mood to your energy levels.

Hormone

GGT is an enzyme indicating liver and bile duct health, with elevated levels suggesting liver damage or bile duct obstruction.

Liver Health

Gastric Parietal Cell Antibodies are immune proteins that, if present, show your body is attacking stomach cells needed for vitamin B12 absorption.

Digestive Health

Gastrin is a hormone that signals your stomach to produce acid for digestion, playing a key role in breaking down food.

Hormone

GCT-ALP is an enzyme linked to germ-cell tumours; measuring it helps detect and monitor these specific cancers.

Cancer Screening

Globulins, synthesized in the liver and present in blood and other fluids, are integral to immune function as antibodies, crucial for blood clotting, and essential for transporting hormones, cholesterol, and metals throughout the body.

Liver Health

Gold is a heavy metal that can be measured in blood, urine, or tissue samples to assess exposure from occupational settings, medical treatments (such as gold-based arthritis medications), or environmental sources. Elevated gold levels may indicate recent exposure or accumulation in the body, which can potentially cause adverse effects including kidney damage, skin reactions, or blood disorders.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

Growth hormone is a key hormone made by the pituitary gland that controls growth and helps regulate how the body uses nutrients in both children and adults.

Hormone

HDL cholesterol is often dubbed the 'good' cholesterol, acting like a cleanup crew for your arteries.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

HIV serology tests check your blood for signs of HIV infection by detecting antibodies and/or antigens linked to the virus.

Infectious Disease Screening

Haematocrit measures the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells, indicating oxygen-carrying capacity.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues and organs and removes carbon dioxide.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

HbA1c is like a memory book of your blood sugar levels, showing the average over the past three months.

Metabolic Health

HbA1c is like a memory book of your blood sugar levels, showing the average over the past three months.

Metabolic Health

This test checks whether your body has developed protection against hepatitis A, either from past infection or vaccination.

Infectious Disease Screening

HepB core TotalAb checks whether you have ever been infected with hepatitis B, showing if your immune system has met the virus before.

Infectious Disease Screening

Hepatitis C antibodies show whether your body has ever responded to a hepatitis C infection, helping to identify past or current exposure.

Infectious Disease Screening

HDL subfractions provide a detailed view of "good cholesterol," helping assess heart disease risk more precisely.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

hs-CRP is like your body’s fire alarm for inflammation, giving an early warning about health risks like heart disease.

Inflammation

Histamine is a substance in your body that plays a crucial role in allergic reactions and how your immune system responds to triggers.

Allergy

HOMA-IR is a measure of how well your body responds to insulin. It helps detect early signs of insulin resistance, which can lead to diabetes and metabolic issues.

Metabolic Health

Homocysteine ​​is an amino acid that occurs naturally in the body. Cysteine ​​is formed from homocysteine, one of the 20 amino acids that are natural building blocks in the body. When homocysteine ​​levels are too high, it affects the body's supporting tissues, e.g. fibrillin, and receptors in the nerve cells negatively, and contributes to the formation of free radicals.

Cardiovascular

Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is a hormone that helps assess how well your adrenal glands are producing essential hormones like cortisol.

Hormone

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody that acts as a frontline defender in your immune system, protecting areas like your mouth, nose, and digestive tract from infections.

Immune System

IgD is an antibody that helps your immune system recognise and respond to infections, acting as an early warning signal on immune cells.

Immune System

IgE is an antibody that plays a key role in allergic reactions and helps us understand how the body responds to allergens.

Immune System

IgG is an important antibody that helps your body fight off infections, acting as a key player in your immune system.

Immune System

IgG4 is a type of antibody that helps regulate your immune system, and measuring its levels can provide insights into certain immune-related conditions.

Immune System

IgM is an antibody that serves as the body's first line of defence against infections.

Immune System

Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. Monitoring insulin levels helps assess insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function.

Metabolic Health

IGF-1 is like your body’s growth promoter, aiding in cellular growth and regeneration, crucial for development and health.

Metabolic Health

Interleukin 6 is a protein that acts as a signal for inflammation in your body, helping regulate immune responses to infections and injuries.

Immune System

The INR is a measure of how quickly your blood clots, crucial for individuals on blood-thinning medications to ensure their treatment is effective and safe.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Intestinal ALP measures an enzyme from the small intestine that aids digestion; its levels help assess how well your intestines are working.

Digestive Health

Iodine Random (urine) is a biomarker that measures the concentration of iodine in a single urine sample to assess recent iodine intake and nutritional status. This test helps evaluate whether an individual is getting adequate iodine, which is essential for proper thyroid function and hormone production.

Vitamins & Minerals

Iron is a crucial mineral for producing haemoglobin, supporting oxygen transport, and maintaining overall health.

Vitamins & Minerals

LDL 1 is the largest and least harmful type of LDL cholesterol, often linked to lower heart disease risk when in healthy balance.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

LDL 2 is a mid-sized type of LDL cholesterol that can contribute to heart disease risk if elevated, but is less harmful than the smallest LDL particles.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

LDL cholesterol is often tagged as the 'bad' cholesterol, linked to clogging up your body’s highway system.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

LDL Mid A shows the amount of mid-large LDL particles in your blood, giving insight into your heart health and cholesterol balance.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

LDL Mid B is a mid-small type of "bad" cholesterol particle that can contribute to heart disease if levels are too high.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

LDL Mid C is a specific type of "bad" cholesterol that helps assess your risk of heart disease in more detail than standard LDL tests.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

This test shows where your cholesterol particle balance lies - towards protective HDL or risky LDL - helping detect early signs of heart or metabolic trouble.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

The LDL/HDL ratio compares levels of bad (LDL) cholesterol to good (HDL) cholesterol in the blood, with a higher ratio indicating potentially increased cardiovascular risk and a lower ratio indicating a healthier balance crucial for heart health management.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

The LH to FSH ratio helps assess reproductive health by comparing two key hormones that regulate fertility and reproductive functions.

Hormone

LDH is an enzyme indicating tissue damage, with elevated levels suggesting cell damage or disease.

Liver Health

LDH-1 is an enzyme mainly found in your heart and red blood cells; measuring its level can help detect damage or diseases affecting these areas.

Cardiovascular

LDH-2 helps assess the health of your heart and red blood cells by detecting any damage or stress affecting them.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

LDH-3 is an enzyme that helps assess the health of your lungs, lymph tissue, pancreas, and spleen by indicating if there's any tissue damage or disease.

Cell Damage & Tissue Injury

LDH-4 is an enzyme that helps assess the health of your kidneys, pancreas, and, during pregnancy, the placenta by indicating if there's any damage or stress to these organs.

Kidney & Urinary

LDH-5 is an enzyme that helps assess the health of your liver and muscles by indicating tissue damage or stress.

Liver Health

Lead is a toxic metal that can build up in your body from environmental exposure; measuring it in your blood helps assess your risk and guide actions to protect your health.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

Leptin is a hormone that regulates appetite and energy balance by signalling the brain about the body's fat stores.

Metabolic Health

Lipase plays a key role in the digestive system by breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, making them easier for the body to absorb.

Pancreatic Function

Lipoprotein(a) is a type of cholesterol particle that can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke, largely determined by genetics.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

Lithium levels measure how much lithium is in your blood to make sure it's at a safe and helpful level for treating mood disorders.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

LH is a key hormone in both men and women, sparking ovulation and aiding testosterone production.

Hormone

Lymphocytes are white blood cells crucial for immune defense against infections and diseases.

Immune System

The lymphocyte ratio reflects the proportion of lymphocytes in your white blood cell count, providing insight into how well your immune system is functioning.

Immune System

MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in processing folate (vitamin B9) and converting homocysteine to methionine in the body's methylation cycle. Genetic variants in the MTHFR gene can reduce enzyme activity, potentially affecting folate metabolism, homocysteine levels, and various cellular processes including DNA synthesis and repair.

Genetics

Magnesium is a vital mineral crucial for muscle and nerve function, bone health, and energy production.

Vitamins & Minerals

Manganese is a vital mineral needed in small amounts for healthy bones, metabolism, and antioxidant protection. Testing its levels helps ensure your body has just the right amount.

Vitamins & Minerals

MCH measures the average amount of haemoglobin in a single red blood cell, indicating oxygen-carrying capacity.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

MCHC measures the average haemoglobin concentration in a given volume of red blood cells, indicating haemoglobin content and density.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

MCV measures the average size of red blood cells, helping to classify and diagnose types of anemia.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Mean Size tells you the average size of the fat-carrying particles in your blood - larger is generally better for heart health.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

MPV measures the average size of platelets, indicating platelet production and function.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the body through exposure to contaminated fish, dental amalgams, industrial processes, or environmental pollution. Elevated mercury levels can cause neurological damage, kidney problems, and developmental issues, particularly in pregnant women and children.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

Mercury - Whole Blood measures the amount of mercury in your bloodstream to assess exposure to this heavy metal.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

Methylmalonic acid is a substance that helps detect vitamin B12 deficiency; higher levels in your body can indicate you're not getting enough of this essential vitamin.

Vitamins & Minerals

Molybdenum is a tiny but essential mineral that helps important processes in your body work properly. Testing its levels shows if you have the right amount for good health.

Vitamins & Minerals

Monocytes are white blood cells involved in immune response, inflammation, and tissue repair.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Myoglobin is a protein in muscles that stores oxygen; high levels in blood tests indicate muscle damage.

Cardiovascular

Neutrophils are white blood cells essential for fighting bacterial infections and mediating inflammation.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Nickel is a heavy metal that can be measured in blood, urine, or hair to assess exposure from occupational sources, contaminated water, or certain foods and consumer products. Elevated nickel levels may indicate acute or chronic exposure and can be associated with allergic reactions, respiratory issues, or potential carcinogenic effects with prolonged exposure.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

Non-HDL cholesterol measures all the "bad" cholesterol types, offering a comprehensive view of heart disease risk.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

Estradiol is crucial for both women's reproductive health and men's sexual function, influencing everything from fertility to bone strength.

Hormone

Oestradiol is a key hormone influencing reproductive health and overall hormonal balance, measured precisely by LCMS to assess well-being in both women and men.

Hormone

Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium and phosphorus levels, essential for healthy bones and proper muscle and nerve function.

Bone Health

Phosphate is a vital mineral essential for bone health, energy production, and cellular function.

Vitamins & Minerals

Placental ALP is an enzyme produced by the placenta during pregnancy, and its levels can provide insights into pregnancy health and potential health conditions in both women and men.

Cancer Screening

The Regan isoenzyme is a special type of alkaline phosphatase that, when found in non-pregnant people, can indicate certain types of cancer.

Cancer Screening

Plasma copper measures the level of copper in your blood to check if your body has the right amount of this essential mineral.

Vitamins & Minerals

Plasma zinc measures the level of zinc in your blood to check if your body has the right amount of this essential mineral.

Vitamins & Minerals

Platelet count measures the number of platelets in the blood, essential for clotting and wound healing.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Potassium is an essential electrolyte crucial for muscle, nerve, and heart function, with levels indicating overall electrolyte balance and kidney function.

Kidney & Urinary

Progesterone is a key hormone in managing reproductive health and wellbeing in both women and men, influencing fertility, mood, and more.

Hormone

Prolactin is like your body’s nurturing hormone, key for breastfeeding and influencing reproductive health.

Hormone

Prothrombin Time measures how quickly your blood clots, helping to assess bleeding risks and monitor blood-thinning treatments.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Random glucose tests measure current blood sugar levels regardless of meal timing, providing immediate assessment useful in emergencies or routine checks, aiding in diagnosing or monitoring conditions such as diabetes and hypoglycemia.

Metabolic Health

RBC count measures the number of red blood cells in the blood, crucial for oxygen transport and overall health.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Red Cell Copper measures the amount of copper in your red blood cells, showing your body's copper levels over the past few months.

Vitamins & Minerals

RBC Folate measures the amount of folate stored in your red blood cells, giving a long-term view of your body's folate levels.

Vitamins & Minerals

Glutathione Peroxidase in red blood cells helps protect your cells from damage by neutralising harmful substances, indicating how well your body's antioxidant defences are working.

Antioxidant Status

Red Blood Cell Magnesium measures the amount of magnesium inside your red blood cells, providing a more accurate picture of your body's magnesium status than standard blood tests.

Vitamins & Minerals

Red Blood Cell Zinc measures the zinc inside your red blood cells, giving a longer-term view of your body's zinc levels.

Vitamins & Minerals

RDW measures the variation in size of red blood cells, helping diagnose and differentiate types of anemia.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidneys that helps regulate blood pressure and the balance of fluids and salts in the body.

Kidney & Urinary

Reverse T3 is an inactive thyroid hormone that can slow down your metabolism; testing it helps assess how well your thyroid is working, especially during stress or illness.

Thyroid

The Rh blood group system determines whether red blood cells carry the Rh antigen (Rh-positive) or lack it (Rh-negative), which is crucial for blood transfusion compatibility and pregnancy management. This classification is particularly important during pregnancy when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby, as it can lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn if not properly monitored.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Rheumatoid Factor is an antibody measured in the blood to help detect autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, indicating if the immune system is attacking healthy cells.

Autoimmune

Ross River Virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus endemic to Australia and Papua New Guinea that causes Ross River fever, characterized by joint pain, muscle aches, and rash. Laboratory testing for Ross River Virus antibodies or RNA helps diagnose this arboviral infection, which typically resolves within weeks to months but can cause prolonged joint symptoms in some patients.

Infectious Disease Screening

Selenium is an essential mineral that helps protect your cells, supports your immune system, and keeps your thyroid gland healthy.

Vitamins & Minerals

Semen concentration refers to the number of sperm cells present per milliliter of ejaculated semen, typically measured during a semen analysis. It is a key indicator of male fertility potential, with normal concentrations generally ranging from 15 million to over 200 million sperm per milliliter.

Fertility & Pregnancy

Semen liquefaction is the process by which semen changes from a thick, gel-like consistency to a more liquid state within 15-30 minutes after ejaculation. This transformation is essential for sperm mobility and fertility, as it allows sperm to swim freely through the female reproductive tract.

Fertility & Pregnancy

Semen morphology refers to the size, shape, and structure of sperm cells, which is evaluated as part of a comprehensive semen analysis to assess male fertility potential. Normal sperm morphology indicates healthy sperm development and is associated with better fertilization rates and reproductive outcomes.

Fertility & Pregnancy

Semen progressive motility measures the percentage of sperm that move forward in a straight line or large circles, which is essential for sperm to successfully travel through the female reproductive tract and fertilize an egg. This parameter is a key indicator of male fertility potential and sperm quality.

Fertility & Pregnancy

Semen Total Motility measures the percentage of sperm cells in a semen sample that are moving, regardless of the quality or direction of their movement. This biomarker is a key indicator of male fertility potential and sperm function.

Fertility & Pregnancy

Semen volume refers to the total amount of fluid ejaculated during orgasm, typically measured in milliliters. It serves as an important indicator of male reproductive health and fertility potential, with normal volumes generally ranging from 1.5 to 5 milliliters per ejaculation.

Fertility & Pregnancy

SHBG controls your hormones’ party; it decides how much testosterone and estrogen can hit the dance floor.

Hormone

sdLDL-1 is a small, dense, and more dangerous form of LDL cholesterol, linked to higher risk of heart disease and metabolic issues.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

sdLDL-2 is a harmful, small form of "bad" cholesterol that increases the risk of heart disease when levels are high.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

sdLDL-3 is a small, dense form of LDL cholesterol that poses a high risk for heart disease when present in high amounts.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

sdLDL-4 is the smallest and most harmful form of LDL cholesterol, known for increasing the risk of heart disease.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

sdLDL-5 is a subclass of LDL cholesterol particles that are small and dense, making them more likely to contribute to plaque buildup in arteries and increase heart disease risk.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

sdLDL-6 is a type of small, dense cholesterol particle that can contribute to clogged arteries and heart disease. Higher levels mean greater risk.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

sdLDL-7 measures the concentration of the smallest and most harmful LDL particles, providing insight into cardiovascular risk beyond standard cholesterol tests.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

Sodium is an essential electrolyte for fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle activity, with levels indicating hydration and kidney function.

Kidney & Urinary

Strontium is a trace mineral that can be measured in blood or urine to assess bone metabolism and potential exposure to this element from dietary sources or environmental contamination. Elevated levels may indicate excessive supplementation or environmental exposure, while monitoring strontium can help evaluate bone health treatments or detect potential toxicity.

Heavy Metals & Toxicology

TSH receptor antibodies are immune proteins that can interfere with thyroid function, causing it to be overactive or underactive.

Thyroid

Testosterone is crucial for muscle strength, sexual health, and mood, impacting overall vitality.

Hormone

Testosterone is a key hormone affecting energy, mood, and physical development in both men and women. Testing it helps understand hormonal balance and overall health.

Hormone

TCT measures the time it takes for your blood to clot after adding thrombin, helping assess bleeding and clotting disorders.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

Thyroglobulin antibodies are proteins made by your immune system that can mistakenly attack your thyroid gland, potentially leading to thyroid problems.

Thyroid

Thyroglobulin is a thyroid protein used as a marker for thyroid function and cancer recurrence, particularly after thyroidectomy.

Thyroid

The TPO Ab test checks for antibodies that might be attacking your thyroid gland, helping to detect autoimmune thyroid conditions.

Thyroid

TSH is like the thermostat for your thyroid gland, helping regulate your body’s energy use and metabolism.

Thyroid

TBG is a protein that transports thyroid hormones through the blood. It helps interpret how much thyroid hormone is actually available for your body to use.

Thyroid

Total cholesterol measures all the cholesterol types in your blood, providing a snapshot of your overall heart health.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

IDL cholesterol measures the concentration of intermediate-density lipoproteins in the blood, providing insight into lipid transport and cardiovascular risk.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

This test breaks down LDL cholesterol into its subcomponents, helping identify the types most associated with heart disease risk.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

Total Protein measures the combined levels of albumin and globulin, indicating overall protein status, liver and kidney function, and nutritional health.

Liver Health

IDL and sdLDL are specific cholesterol particles that, when elevated, can increase the risk of heart disease due to their propensity to contribute to arterial plaque buildup.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

Transferrin is a protein that transports iron in the blood, essential for iron metabolism and haemoglobin production.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

TIBC is like a measure of your blood’s capacity to carry iron. A higher TIBC suggests your body might be short on iron (making more ‘buses’ to find iron), while a lower TIBC indicates there’s either plenty of iron or another issue limiting transferrin production.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

TSAT measures the percentage of transferrin bound with iron, indicating iron availability and binding capacity.

Blood Deficiency & Anaemia

The TG/HDL ratio is like a financial ratio for your heart health, evaluating the balance between 'bad' and 'good' cholesterol.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

Triglycerides are like your body’s energy reserve, stored as fat to fuel future activities.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

This test shows not just how much fat is in your blood, but how it’s packaged and carried - giving a better picture of your heart and metabolic health.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

Troponin is a protein released into the blood when the heart muscle is damaged, helping detect heart attacks and other heart injuries.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

Urea is a waste product indicating kidney function and protein metabolism, with elevated levels suggesting kidney impairment.

Kidney & Urinary

Urate, or uric acid, forms when the body breaks down purines found in certain foods and tissues. It's a waste product eliminated mainly through urine by the kidneys. Urate levels in the blood can differ based on diet, genetics, and kidney function.

Kidney & Urinary

Urine bilirubin is a waste product that appears in urine when excess bilirubin from the breakdown of red blood cells is filtered by the kidneys, typically indicating liver dysfunction or bile duct obstruction. Normally, bilirubin is not present in urine or exists only in trace amounts, so its detection often signals underlying hepatic or biliary system problems.

Liver Health

Urine Blood (Hb) is a biomarker that detects the presence of hemoglobin or red blood cells in urine, which normally should not be present in significant amounts. This test helps identify potential issues with the kidneys, urinary tract, or other conditions that may cause bleeding in the urinary system.

Kidney & Urinary

Urine color and appearance can indicate hydration status, kidney function, and the presence of blood, infections, or other medical conditions. Changes from normal pale yellow color or clear appearance may signal underlying health issues that require medical evaluation.

Kidney & Urinary

A urine culture is a laboratory test that identifies and counts bacteria or other microorganisms present in a urine sample to diagnose urinary tract infections. The test determines the specific type of bacteria causing an infection and helps guide appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Kidney & Urinary

Epithelial cells in urine help detect irritation, infection, or contamination of the sample.

Kidney & Urinary

Urine glucose is a biomarker that measures the presence of glucose (sugar) in the urine, which normally should be absent or present in very small amounts. Elevated levels typically indicate that blood glucose has exceeded the kidney's threshold for reabsorption, often suggesting diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Kidney & Urinary

Urine ketones are chemical compounds produced when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of glucose, typically measured through a simple urine test. Elevated levels can indicate diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, or other metabolic conditions where the body is not properly using carbohydrates for fuel.

Kidney & Urinary

Urine nitrites are chemical compounds that appear in urine when certain bacteria convert naturally occurring nitrates, indicating a possible bacterial urinary tract infection. Their presence in a urine test suggests the need for further evaluation and potential antibiotic treatment.

Kidney & Urinary

Urine organism refers to the detection and identification of bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms present in a urine sample through laboratory testing. This biomarker helps diagnose urinary tract infections and determine the specific pathogen causing the infection to guide appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Kidney & Urinary

Urine protein is a biomarker that measures the amount of protein present in urine, which is normally found in very small quantities in healthy individuals. Elevated levels of protein in urine can indicate kidney damage, disease, or dysfunction, as healthy kidneys typically filter out most proteins from entering the urine.

Kidney & Urinary

Urine red cells check for blood in your urine, which can signal infection, stones, or other urinary tract problems.

Kidney & Urinary

Urine white cells help identify infection or inflammation in your urinary tract or kidneys.

Kidney & Urinary

Urine pH measures how acidic or alkaline your urine is, offering insight into your diet, hydration, and kidney function.

Kidney & Urinary

Urobilinogen is a colorless compound produced in the intestines when bacteria break down bilirubin, a waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells. It can be detected in urine and serves as an indicator of liver function and the body's ability to process bilirubin properly.

Liver Health

VLDL Lipid Subfractions show how your body packages and delivers fats in the blood, giving important clues about your heart health and metabolism.

Cholesterol & Blood Pressure

Vitamin A is an essential nutrient important for good vision, a strong immune system, and healthy skin. Measuring it helps ensure you're getting the right amount.

Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is essential for converting food into energy and supports the health of your heart, nerves, and muscles.

Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamin B12 is essential for red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, and neurological function.

Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is essential for energy production and protecting cells, supporting overall health.

Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamin B6 is a vital nutrient that helps your body turn food into energy, supports brain function, and keeps your immune system strong.

Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamin B9, or folate, is crucial for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and fetal neural tube development during pregnancy. It also helps regulate homocysteine levels and supports overall cellular function and growth.

Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamin C measures the amount of ascorbic acid in your blood to ensure you have enough to support healing, immune function, and cell protection.

Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamin D is essential for bone health, immune function, and calcium absorption, with levels measured by 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Vitamins & Minerals

Vitamin E is an essential nutrient that acts as an antioxidant, protecting your cells from damage and supporting overall health.

Vitamins & Minerals

WBC count measures the number of white blood cells in the blood, crucial for immune defense against infections.

Immune System

Zinc is an essential mineral important for immune function, wound healing, and numerous enzymatic reactions.

Vitamins & Minerals

PSA is a protein made by the prostate; measuring its level in the blood helps assess prostate health and detect potential problems early.

Prostate Health