Cholesterol Lipid Subfractions

Cholesterol Lipid Subfractions show the types and sizes of cholesterol particles in your blood, offering a clearer picture of your heart disease risk than standard cholesterol tests.

📋 About This Biomarker

Cholesterol Lipid Subfractions give a deeper look into the different types and sizes of cholesterol-carrying particles in your blood. Instead of just looking at total cholesterol, LDL ("bad" cholesterol), and HDL ("good" cholesterol), this test breaks things down further. It examines the subtypes of LDL and HDL, including whether your LDL particles are mostly small and dense or large and fluffy. Why does this matter? Because smaller, denser LDL particles are more likely to squeeze into artery walls and cause inflammation - making them more dangerous and more strongly linked to heart disease. Larger LDL particles are less risky in comparison. Similarly, knowing the types of HDL can give a clearer picture of how well your body is managing cholesterol. For men and women alike, this test provides a much more detailed risk assessment for cardiovascular disease than standard cholesterol testing. It’s like switching from a black-and-white snapshot to a high-definition image of your heart health.

🎯 Why We Test This

This test goes beyond basic cholesterol numbers to show which cholesterol particles are actually increasing your risk of heart disease. It’s especially useful if your regular cholesterol test looks normal but you have a family history of heart disease, insulin resistance, or other risk factors. It helps both men and women get more personalised and precise cardiovascular risk assessments.

⚠️ What Affects It

Diet is a big influencer - high intake of refined carbs and sugars can increase small, dense LDL particles. Genetics also play a strong role in how your body produces and clears these particles. Lifestyle factors such as exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, and stress levels can shift your cholesterol subfractions in positive or negative directions. Conditions like insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome often worsen the lipid profile, increasing cardiovascular risk. Hormonal changes (such as during pregnancy or menopause) and some medications, particularly statins or hormone therapies, can also affect results.

📈 How to Improve

If harmful LDL subfractions are high or nearing the top of the range, reducing refined carbs, added sugars, and trans fats is key. Increasing healthy fats like omega-3s (found in fish oil, chia seeds, and flaxseed), staying physically active, and managing stress can help shift your lipid profile in the right direction. If beneficial HDL subfractions are low, the same changes - especially regular aerobic exercise - can boost levels. In some cases, medications like statins or PCSK9 inhibitors may be recommended. Regular testing and working with a healthcare provider help track improvements and adjust strategies as needed.

📊 Understanding Your Results (mmol/L)

Low
Very low levels of protective HDL particles or large LDL subfractions may mean the body's cholesterol transport system isn’t working efficiently. This can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, even if overall cholesterol appears normal. Medical review and possibly more detailed testing may be needed.
Optimal
A healthy lipid subfraction profile - particularly one with a higher number of large, buoyant LDL particles and strong levels of protective HDL - is a good sign. It suggests your body is managing cholesterol well and that your risk of cardiovascular disease is relatively low. This is where you want to stay, and ongoing healthy habits can help maintain this balance.
High (> 1.8 mmol/L)
If the test shows a high number of small, dense LDL particles, it’s a red flag for cardiovascular risk. These particles are more likely to damage blood vessels and contribute to plaque build-up, raising the chances of heart attacks or strokes. A high number of atherogenic lipoproteins like Lp(a) also increases risk. In this case, it may indicate the need for lifestyle changes, closer monitoring, or medication to protect your heart health.
Also known as: Cholesterol Lipid Subfractions, CLS